1. How Did the Internet
Evolve?
The Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S.
Department of Defense was the world's first operational packet switching
network, and the progenitor of the global Internet. During the 1950s, several
communications researchers realized that there was a need to allow general
communication between users of various computers and communications networks.
This led to research into decentralized networks, queuing theory, and packet
switching. The subsequent creation of ARPANET in the United States in turn
catalyzed a wave of technical developments that made it the basis for the
development of the Internet. The first TCP/IP wide area network was operational
in 1984 when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a
university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. It was then
followed by the opening of the network to commercial interests in 1995.
Important separate networks that have successfully entered the Internet include
Usenet, Bitnet and the various commercial and educational X.25 networks such as
Compuserve and JANET. The collective network gained a public face in the 1990s.
In August 1991 CERN in Switzerland publicized the new World Wide Web project,
two years after Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and the first few
web pages at CERN in Switzerland. In 1993 the Mosaic web browser version 1.0
was released, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the
previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 the word "Internet"
was common public currency, but it referred almost entirely to the World Wide
Web. Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully
accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks
(although some networks such as FidoNet have remained separate). This growth is
often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic
growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet
protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one
company from exerting too much control over the network. The IEEE has assigned
the 802.1 label to the internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs and other wide area
networks, now known as the Internet
2. What are the various types of Internet connections, and
what are the Differences between broadband and Dial-Up connections?
o
Types of
Internet connection :
-
Analog:
Dial-up Internet Access
-
ISDN
- Integrated Services Digital Network
-
B-ISDN
- Broadband ISDN
-
DSL
– Digital Subscriber Line
-
ADSL
- Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
-
ADSL+2
- ADSL Extension
-
SDSL
- Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
-
VDSL
- Very High DSL
-
Cable
- Broadband Internet Connection
-
Wireless
Internet Connections
-
T-1
Lines – Leased Line
-
Bonded
T-1
-
T-3
Lines – Dedicated Leased Line
-
OC3
- Optical Carrier
-
Internet
over Satellite
o
The
differences between broadband and Dial-Up connections :
-
Dial up connection is normally slower
than the broadband connection. A dialup connection links one to the Internet
via a phone line and while connected you cannot make or receive phone calls.
Broadband connects you to the internet through cable, satellite or DSL enabling
you access many web pages at a greater speed and still be able to make and
receive phone calls at the same time.
3. What Are the Types of Internet Access Providers?
o
Internet Service Provider
A
business or organization that offers users access to the Internet and related
services
o
Online Service Provider
A
generic term that describes any company, organization or group that provides an
online service. These types of services may include Web sites, discussion
forums, chat rooms, or Web mail. OSPs may also refer to a company that provides
dial-up access to the Internet
o
Wireless Internet Service Provider
an
Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking
4. What Is the Purpose of an IP Address, and What Is
Its Relationship to a Domain Name?
o
The purpose of an IP Address :
-
The IP address acts as a locator for
one IP device to find another and interact with it.
It is not intended, however, to act as an identifier that always uniquely identifies
a particular device.
In current practice, an IP address is not always a unique identifier, due to
technologies such as dynamic assignment and network address translation.
IP addresses are managed and created by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA).
The IANA generally allocates super-blocks to Regional Internet Registries, who
in turn allocate smaller blocks to Internet service providers and enterprises
o
The relationship of IP Address to a
Domain Name :
The Internet was formally formed in a small
number of computers, it linked to modems and telephone lines. From that, you
need to provide the IP address to connect with modems and telephone lines.
Not long after that a problem arises when more
and more hosts created, the current system cannot afford to maintain the
raising data. Due to the limitation the domain name was introduced. The domain
name means to simplicity the process, so the Network Information Center once
again regaining its ability to maintain the internet. But again it become tough
when the text file multiply, the current solution need to fine tune again.
Responding to the problem University of Wisconsin in 1983 invented the very
first Domain Name System, it converts the texts names into IP address in more
convenient way.
The system works very well and people started
to follow them, the system has been used since then until now. The creation of
IP address lessens the trouble and difficulties in connection between people
and computers. This is how the World Wide Web (WWW) becomes global easily
instantly. That is the feedback from user around the world, never the less find
out more about it.
The IP address and domain name are two
different identities, but their roles are same to the world. They are connected
and supporting each other, the IP address needs the domain name to function
properly. So does to domain name, it cannot go online without connecting to IP
address.
Now you have the picture about it, let's go to
further explanation. IP address formed in 30-bit numeric address, it consists
of four group of number divided by dots. Here is an example
x.xxx.xx.xxx/1.160.10.240 (four different group numbers). Every group number
represent network, there is no fixed format on IP address but each of them are
unique and different. The Ip address can work in either sides, it can be a
network for domain name or a host for networks.
I believe that you get the real picture by
now. The domain name represents single or several IP address. Now we know that
IP address and domain name are bound to each other, web pages will lose the
identity without them. For an instance if you look for certain site page, you
usually will type the domain name to get there. What happen exactly here is the
domain name converts to IP address and directly to the site
5. What Is the Purpose of a Web Browser, and What Are the
Components of a Web Address?
o
The purpose of a web browser :
-
Web browser is used to run the software application that allows retrieving,
presenting and traversing the information from one place to another.
- Web browser provides the resources using the WWW (World Wide Web) this can be
identified by URI (Uniform Resource Identifier).
- Web browser fetches the data like web page, image, video or other piece of
content from the server and displays it accordingly.
- Web browser uses hyperlinks to display the resources and allow the users to
navigate their browsers according to the resources.
- Web browser defines the application software that is designed for the user to
access and retrieve the documents using the Internet.
o
The components of a web address :
-
Protocol
The address starts with the communication protocol, essentially
the language in which the computers communicate. Examples of protocols include
“http://” (hypertext transfer protocol), “ftp://” (file transfer protocol),
“pop” (post office protocol). These are the three protocols you'll come across
most often in your business, with http used for your site, ftp to transfer
files to your server and pop for your email.
-
Domain Name
To the right of the protocol are the subdomains and the main
domain name. http://www.subdomain.first-level-domain.com Domain names are an
important factor in search engine optimization (SEO). So, if your domain name
is “tucsonhardwarestore.com,” your site is more likely to appear in a search
for “Tucson hardware store." Domains with hyphens should be avoided as
they are less well-suited to SEO than non-hyphenated domains. Note that Google
treats subdomains as separate sites when ordering search results – that is, any
authority garnered by the first-level domain will not pass to the subdomain. So
in most cases it is better to use folders to separate different parts of the
site.
-
Top-Level Domains
The next part of the domain is the top-level domain, or TLD. These
are used to help browsers find your site on the Internet. Examples include
“.com,” “.org”, “.net” and “.edu.” Generally speaking, it's better to get a
.com domain, as this is where people will tend to look for you. If the .com you
want is taken, Gigaom recommend you try a slight variation such as adding your
city name into the URL, before you settle for a different TLD.
-
Files and Folders
The rest of the domain works in a similar way as the folders on
your hard drive, so in this address:
http://www.subdomain.first-level-domain.com/articles/article1.html “articles”
is a folder on the server and “article1.html” is a file inside that folder. As
with the domain names, it's important to keep your files and folders
human-friendly. For example, a file name “important-factors-in-buying-a-shed”
is preferable to “contentID=1228” – people will be able to see instantly
whether the content is relevant to them, and the keywords will also help you
rank higher in search engine results.
Examples :
Let's take www.wiki.com as an example
Www is the first part telling the browser that you are trying to access the
world wide web. The second part would be the actual name of the website which
is in our example wiki. Last comes the .com which is more of a direction giver
(.com for most American sites,.de for German,government site's are .gov and
organizations .org)
Http:// is the browser protocol but typing it in is mostly optional since most
browser use this as a default.
If it was www.wiki.com/pic, pic would be your
file name
6. How Do You Use a Search Engine to Search for Information
on the Web, and What Is the Difference between a Search Engine and a Subject
Directory?
o
Use a Search Engine to Search for
Information on the Web :
To use a search engine, you enter a
word or phrase, called search text or a search query that describes
the item you want to find. Each word in the search text is known as a keyword.
The search engine displays a list of hits. When clicked each hit, displays
an associated Web site or Web page.
o
The Difference between a Search for
Information on the Web and a Subject Directory :
A search engine is a program that finds Web sites, Web
pages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific
topic. To use a search engine, you enter a word or phrase, called search
text or a search query, that describes the item you want to find. Each
word in the search text is known as a keyword. The search engine
displays a list of hits. When clicked each hit, displays an associated
Web site or Web page.
A Subject Directory classifies
Web pages in an organized set of categories and related subcategories. By
clicking links, you move through levels to display a list of Web pages about a desired
topic.
7. What Are the Types of Websites?
There are many different types of websites.
Some of the more common ones are listed below:
Type
|
Purpose
|
Commercial
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to sell products or services. The
Internet address often ends with .com
|
Country
codes
|
Websites
from other countries have a country code at the end. For example Great
Britain is .uk and Canada is .ca
|
Educational
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to provide information about an
educational establishment. The Internet address ends in .edu.
|
Entertainment
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to entertain and provide amusement. The
Internet address often ends with .com
|
Government
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to provide information produced by
government agencies, offices, and departments. Usually, information
provided by government websites is very reliable. The Internet address
often ends with .gov
|
Military
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to provide information about the
military. The Internet address ends in .mil.
|
News
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to provide information about current
events. The Internet address often ends with .com
|
Organizational
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to advocate an individual's opinion or a
group's point of view. The Internet address often ends with .org
|
Personal
|
The
purpose of this type of website is to provide information about an
individual. The Internet address has a variety of endings
|
|
8. How Do Web Pages Use Graphics, Animation, Audio, Video,
Virtual Reality, and Plug-Ins?
Some
Web pages use multimedia, which combines text with graphics, animation, audio, video, and/or
virtual reality. A graphic is a digital representation of non-text
information such as a drawing, chart, or photo. Animation is the
appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in
sequence. Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound. Video
consists of full-motion images. Virtual reality (VR) is the use
of computers to simulate an environment that appears as three-dimensional
space. A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that
extends a browser's capability to display multimedia elements.
9. What Are the Steps Required for Web Publishing?
a.
Decide
what you want to place on the web.
o
Text
- plain or colored.
o
Graphics
-
logos
-
ISMAP's
(action dependent on where in the image you select)
b.
Decide
where on the web, you want your information placed. Once your information is on
the Internet, it is accessible from everywhere. The availability depends on
your web page hoster. We recommend that you get a domain name so that you are
not tied to your web page hoster.
c.
Convert
any documents that you want placed on the web from their current form to a web
readable format. Text should be in HyperText Markup Language(HTML) format and
graphics in GIF(Graphical Interchange Format)format or JPEG. Some others are
possible, but may not be supported by all web browsers. Any on-line forms will
need a program, on the web server, to process them.
d.
Place your information on-line.
e.
Check
to make sure that it looks the way you want to in several different browsers.
Be sure to check both graphical and textual browsers.
f.
Publish
your location to the world. This gets your information into a wider set of
hands than just those who happen across your location.
10. What Are the Types of E-Commerce?
a.
Consumer
to business E-commerce
b.
Business
to business E-commerce
c.
Business
to consumer E-commerce
d.
Consumer
to consumer E-commerce
e.
Intra
organizational E-commerce
11. How Do E-Mail, Mailing Lists, Instant Messaging,
Chat Rooms, VoIP, Newsgroups and Message Boards, and FTP Work?
o
E-mail:
it
works like the post office. You write your letter and stamped it (compose your
email), drop it at the post office (send it from your computer using your email
hosting). Your post office sends the letter to the recipient's post office (to
person to whom you're sending the email hosting), the other post office
delivers your letter (the email being received).
o
Mailing
list:
creating
a group of email address and send the email one time. the email gets dispatched
by looking up the addresses within the group.
o
Instant
messaging:
it's like talking to someone over the
phone by in this case using you keyboard. It happens between 2 people.
o
Chat
rooms:
works
like instant messaging. But here there are more than 2 people. It's like
conferencing.
o
VoiP:
V=Voice,
o=over, IP=IP address. It's talking to someone by using Internet line
o
Newgroups:
it's
like a forum where instead of asking question, you post news.
o
Message
board:
It's
a page of news paper where you get message that is addresses to you or people
that are concerned.
o
FTP:
Works
like transfering files between 2 computers. But in this case you send the file
onto a web serve
12. What Are the Rules of Netiquette?
The Rules of Netiquette are social norms that individuals choose
to follow facilitating effective communication on the internet. There are many
accepted internet etiquette rules users follow for many different reasons. The
core rules of netiquette are the most agreed upon netiquette rules. The golden
Rule of Netiquette is the foundation of Cyber Etiquette theory.
As classes of websites and formats for internet communication have
expanded so have social conventions, netiquette. There are groups of internet
rules for various websites that are defined by site type, user, and cyber friends.
Everyone could use a little netiquette.
We are human, so netiquette is human. The human condition is positive,
caring, and thoughtful. People are good. Positive comments and heart warming
stories are part of the human condition. Knowing how to criticize someone in
cyberspace without hurting their feelings shows you care. Helping others on the
internet is thoughtful. The rules of netiquette come from the human condition
because internet users are humans.
